Ngesikhathi se-“14th Five-Year Plan”, ngokusho kohlelo lwezwe lwe-“carbon peak kanye ne-carbon neutral”, imboni ye-photovoltaic izoholela ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu. Ukuqubuka kwemboni ye-photovoltaic “kudale ingcebo” kuyo yonke iketanga lezimboni. Kulolu chungechunge olukhazimulayo, ingilazi ye-photovoltaic iyisixhumanisi esibalulekile. Namuhla, sikhuthaza ukongiwa kwamandla kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, isidingo sengilazi ye-photovoltaic sikhula usuku nosuku, futhi kukhona ukungalingani phakathi kokunikezwa nesidingo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isihlabathi se-quartz esinensimbi ephansi kanye nesimhlophe kakhulu, into ebalulekile yengilazi ye-photovoltaic, nayo ikhuphukile, futhi intengo ikhuphukile futhi ukunikezwa akutholakali kalula. Ochwepheshe bezimboni babikezela ukuthi isihlabathi se-quartz esinensimbi ephansi sizoba nokukhula kwesikhathi eside okungaphezu kuka-15% iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Ngaphansi komoya onamandla we-photovoltaic, ukukhiqizwa kwesihlabathi se-quartz esinensimbi ephansi kudonsele ukunaka okukhulu.
1. Isihlabathi se-quartz sengilazi ye-photovoltaic
Ingilazi ye-photovoltaic ivame ukusetshenziswa njengephaneli yokufaka amamojula e-photovoltaic, futhi ixhumana ngqo nendawo engaphandle. Ukumelana kwayo nesimo sezulu, amandla, ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya nezinye izinkomba kudlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yamamojula e-photovoltaic kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza amandla isikhathi eside. Ama-ion ensimbi esihlabathini se-quartz kulula ukuwadaya, futhi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhanjiswa kwelanga okuphezulu kwengilazi yokuqala, okuqukethwe kwensimbi kwengilazi ye-photovoltaic kuphansi kunokwengilazi evamile, futhi isihlabathi se-quartz esinensimbi ephansi esinobumsulwa obukhulu be-silicon kanye nokuqukethwe okungcolile okuphansi kumele kusetshenziswe.
Njengamanje, kunezihlabathi ezimbalwa ze-quartz ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezilula ukuzimba ezweni lethu, futhi zisakazwa kakhulu eHeyuan, eGuangxi, eFengyang, e-Anhui, eHainan nakwezinye izindawo. Esikhathini esizayo, ngokukhula kwamandla okukhiqiza ingilazi emhlophe kakhulu eqoshiwe yamaseli elanga, isihlabathi se-quartz esisezingeni eliphezulu esinendawo yokukhiqiza elinganiselwe sizoba umthombo onqabile. Ukuhlinzekwa kwesihlabathi se-quartz esisezingeni eliphezulu nesizinzile kuzonciphisa ukuncintisana kwezinkampani zengilazi ye-photovoltaic esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokunciphisa ngempumelelo okuqukethwe kwensimbi, i-aluminium, i-titanium nezinye izinto ezingcolile esihlabathini se-quartz nokulungiselela isihlabathi se-quartz esihlanzekile kakhulu kuyisihloko socwaningo esishisayo.
2. Ukukhiqizwa kwesihlabathi se-quartz esinensimbi ephansi sengilazi ye-photovoltaic
2.1 Ukuhlanzwa Kwesihlabathi Se-Quartz Sengilazi Ye-Photovoltaic
Njengamanje, izinqubo zokuhlanza zendabuko ze-quartz ezisetshenziswa ngokuvuthwa embonini zifaka phakathi ukuhlunga, ukuklwebha, ukucima i-calcination-water, ukugaya, ukuvinjelwa, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-magnetic, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, ukuntanta, ukuleaching nge-acid, ukuleaching nge-microbial, ukukhipha igesi ekushiseni okuphezulu, njll., ukuhlanza okujulile Izinqubo zifaka phakathi ukuthosa nge-chlorine, ukuhlunga ngombala okhanyayo, ukuhlunga nge-superconducting magnetic, i-vacuum ekushiseni okuphezulu nokunye. Inqubo yokuhlanza ejwayelekile yokuhlanzwa kwesihlabathi se-quartz yasekhaya nayo ithuthukiswe kusukela ekuqaleni "kokugaya, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-magnetic, ukuwasha" kuya "kokuhlukanisa → ukuchoboza okukhulu → i-calcination → ukucima amanzi → ukugaya → ukuhlolwa → ukuhlukaniswa kwe-magnetic → i-flotation → i-asidi Inqubo yokuhlanza ehlanganisiwe yokucwiliswa → ukugeza → ukomisa, kuhlanganiswe ne-microwave, i-ultrasonic nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa kwangaphambili noma ukuhlanza okusizayo, ithuthukisa kakhulu umphumela wokuhlanza. Ngenxa yezidingo zensimbi ephansi yengilazi ye-photovoltaic, ucwaningo kanye nentuthuko yezindlela zokususa isihlabathi se-quartz ziqalwa kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile insimbi ikhona ngezindlela eziyisithupha ezivamile ku-quartz ore:
① Zikhona ngesimo sezinhlayiya ezincane ebumbeni noma e-feldspar e-kaolinized
②Inamathiselwe ebusweni bezinhlayiya ze-quartz ngesimo sefilimu ye-iron oxide
③Amaminerali ensimbi njenge-hematite, i-magnetite, i-specularite, i-qinite, njll. noma amaminerali aqukethe insimbi njenge-mica, i-amphibole, i-garnet, njll.
④Isesimweni sokucwiliswa noma ilensi ngaphakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-quartz
⑤ Ikhona esimweni sesisombululo esiqinile ngaphakathi kwekristalu ye-quartz
⑥ Inani elithile lensimbi yesibili lizoxutshwa enqubweni yokuchoboza nokugaya
Ukuze uhlukanise ngempumelelo amaminerali aqukethe insimbi ku-quartz, kubalulekile ukuthi uqale uqiniseke ukuthi ukungcola kwensimbi kwenzeka yini ku-quartz ore bese ukhetha indlela efanele yokuzuza kanye nenqubo yokuhlukanisa ukuze kufezwe ukususwa kokungcola kwensimbi.
(1) Inqubo yokuhlukanisa i-Magnetic
Inqubo yokuhlukanisa amandla kazibuthe ingasusa amaminerali abuthakathaka okungcola kwamandla kazibuthe njenge-hematite, i-limonite kanye ne-biotite kufaka phakathi izinhlayiya ezihlangene ngezinga elikhulu. Ngokusho kwamandla kazibuthe, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kazibuthe kungahlukaniswa kube ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kazibuthe okunamandla kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla kazibuthe okubuthakathaka. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kazibuthe okunamandla kuvame ukusebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kazibuthe okumanzi noma ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kazibuthe okune-gradient ephezulu.
Ngokuvamile, isihlabathi se-quartz esiqukethe amaminerali angcolile kamagnetic abuthakathaka njenge-limonite, i-hematite, i-biotite, njll., singakhethwa kusetshenziswa umshini oqinile kamagnetic wohlobo olumanzi ngenani elingaphezu kuka-8.0×105A/m; Kumaminerali anamandla kamagnetic alawulwa yi-iron ore, kungcono ukusebenzisa umshini obuthakathaka kamagnetic noma umshini ophakathi kamagnetic ukuze kuhlukaniswe. [2] Namuhla, ngokusetshenziswa kwezihlukanisi zikamagnetic zensimu yamagnetic ezinamandla nezinamandla, ukuhlukaniswa kukamagnetic kanye nokuhlanzwa kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esidlule. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-electromagnetic induction roller type strong magnetic separator ukususa insimbi ngaphansi kwamandla ensimu yamagnetic angu-2.2T kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-Fe2O3 kusuka ku-0.002% kuya ku-0.0002%.
(2) Inqubo yokuntanta
Ukuntanta kuyinqubo yokuhlukanisa izinhlayiya zamaminerali ngezakhiwo ezahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ebusweni bezinhlayiya zamaminerali. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukususa i-mica yamaminerali ehlobene ne-feldspar esihlabathini se-quartz. Ukuze kuhlukaniswe ukuntanta kwamaminerali aqukethe insimbi ne-quartz, ukuthola uhlobo lokungcola kwensimbi oluvelayo kanye nefomu lokusatshalaliswa kosayizi ngamunye wezinhlayiya kuyisihluthulelo sokukhetha inqubo efanele yokuhlukanisa yokususwa kwensimbi. Amaminerali amaningi aqukethe insimbi anephuzu likagesi elingu-zero ngaphezu kuka-5, elishajwa kahle endaweni ene-acidic, futhi elifanele ukusetshenziswa kwabaqoqi be-anionic.
I-fatty acid (insipho), i-hydrocarbyl sulfonate noma i-sulfate ingasetshenziswa njengomqoqi we-anionic wokuntanta i-iron oxide ore. I-Pyrite ingaba ukuntanta i-pyrite kusuka ku-quartz endaweni yokuxuba nge-agent yokuntanta yakudala ye-isobutyl xanthate kanye ne-butylamine black powder (4:1). Umthamo ungaba ngu-200ppmw.
Ukuntanta kwe-ilmenite ngokuvamile kusebenzisa i-sodium oleate (0.21mol/L) njenge-ejenti yokuntanta ukuze kulungiswe i-pH ibe ngu-4 ~ 10. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka phakathi kwama-ion e-oleate nezinhlayiya zensimbi ebusweni be-ilmenite ukuze kukhiqizwe i-iron oleate, emuncwa ngamakhemikhali. Ama-ion e-Oleate agcina i-ilmenite ikwazi ukuntanta kangcono. Abaqoqi be-phosphonic acid abasekelwe ku-hydrocarbon abathuthukiswe eminyakeni yamuva banokukhetha okuhle nokusebenza kahle kokuqoqwa kwe-ilmenite.
(3) Inqubo yokukhipha i-asidi
Inhloso eyinhloko yenqubo yokukhipha i-asidi ukususa amaminerali ensimbi ancibilikayo esixazululweni se-asidi. Izici ezithinta umphumela wokuhlanza we-acid leaching zifaka usayizi wezinhlayiya zesihlabathi se-quartz, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi, uhlobo lwe-asidi, ukuhlushwa kwe-asidi, isilinganiso se-solid-liquid, njll., nokwandisa izinga lokushisa kanye nesisombululo se-asidi. Ukuhlushwa nokunciphisa irediyasi yezinhlayiya ze-quartz kungandisa izinga lokukhipha kanye nezinga lokukhipha le-Al. Umphumela wokuhlanza we-asidi eyodwa unqunyelwe, futhi i-acid exubile inomphumela wokubambisana, ongakhulisa kakhulu izinga lokususa izinto ezingcolile njenge-Fe ne-K. Ama-asidi avamile angaphili yi-HF, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, HClO4, H2C2O4, ngokuvamile amabili noma ngaphezulu awo axutshwe futhi asetshenziswa ngesilinganiso esithile.
I-Oxalic acid iyi-asidi engokwemvelo esetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhipheni i-asidi. Ingakha inhlanganisela eqinile ngama-ion ensimbi ancibilikisiwe, futhi ukungcola kuyagezwa kalula. Inezinzuzo zomthamo ophansi kanye nesilinganiso esiphezulu sokususwa kwensimbi. Abanye abantu basebenzisa i-ultrasound ukusiza ekuhlanzweni kwe-oxalic acid, futhi bathole ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ultrasound evamile yokuxuba kanye ne-tank, i-probe ultrasound inesilinganiso esiphezulu sokususwa kwe-Fe, inani le-oxalic acid lingaphansi kuka-4g/L, kanti izinga lokususwa kwensimbi lifinyelela ku-75.4%.
Ukuba khona kwe-asidi encibilikisiwe kanye ne-asidi ye-hydrofluoric kungasusa ngempumelelo ukungcola kwensimbi okufana ne-Fe, i-Al, i-Mg, kodwa inani le-asidi ye-hydrofluoric kumele lilawulwe ngoba i-asidi ye-hydrofluoric ingalimaza izinhlayiya ze-quartz. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-asidi nakho kuthinta ikhwalithi yenqubo yokuhlanza. Phakathi kwazo, i-asidi exubile ye-HCl kanye ne-HF inomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokucubungula. Abanye abantu basebenzisa i-HCl kanye ne-HF mixed leaching agent ukuhlanza isihlabathi se-quartz ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic. Ngokusebenzisa i-leaching yamakhemikhali, inani eliphelele lezinto ezingcolile lingu-40.71μg/g, kanti ubumsulwa be-SiO2 bufinyelela ku-99.993wt%.
(4) Ukuhlanzwa kwamagciwane amancane
Ama-microorganism asetshenziselwa ukukhipha insimbi encane noma ukufaka insimbi ebusweni bezinhlayiya zesihlabathi se-quartz, okuyindlela esanda kuthuthukiswa yokususa insimbi. Izifundo zakwamanye amazwe zibonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-Aspergillus niger, i-Penicillium, i-Pseudomonas, i-Polymyxin Bacillus kanye nezinye izinto ezincane ezincane ekukhipheni insimbi ebusweni befilimu ye-quartz kuthole imiphumela emihle, lapho umphumela we-Aspergillus niger leaching iron ungcono kakhulu. Izinga lokususwa kwe-Fe2O3 lingaphezu kuka-75%, kanti izinga le-Fe2O3 concentrate liphansi njengo-0.007%. Futhi kwatholakala ukuthi umphumela we-leaching iron ngokulima amagciwane amaningi kanye nezikhunta ngaphambi kokutshala kungaba ngcono.
2.2 Enye inqubekela phambili yocwaningo lwesihlabathi se-quartz sengilazi ye-photovoltaic
Ukuze kuncishiswe inani le-asidi, kuncishiswe ubunzima bokuphathwa kwendle, futhi kube nobungane nemvelo, uPeng Shou [5] nabanye baveze indlela yokulungisa isihlabathi se-quartz esiphansi esingu-10ppm ngenqubo engeyona yokukhetha: i-quartz yemvelo yemithambo isetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokuchoboza okunezigaba ezintathu, isigaba sokuqala sokugaya kanye nesigaba sesibili singathola ulwelwesi olungama-0.1 ~ 0.7mm; ulwelwesi luhlukaniswa yisigaba sokuqala sokwehlukaniswa kwamagnetic kanye nesigaba sesibili sokususwa kwamagnetic okunamandla kwamaminerali ensimbi nensimbi ukuze kutholakale isihlabathi sokwehlukaniswa kwamagnetic; ukuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic kwesihlabathi kutholakala nge-flotation yesigaba sesibili. Okuqukethwe kwe-Fe2O3 kungaphansi kwesihlabathi se-quartz esiphansi esingu-10ppm, i-flotation isebenzisa i-H2SO4 njengomlawuli, ilungisa i-pH=2~3, isebenzisa i-sodium oleate kanye ne-coconut oil-based propylene diamine njengabaqoqi. Isihlabathi se-quartz esilungisiwe i-SiO2≥99.9%, i-Fe2O3≤10ppm, sihlangabezana nezidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-siliceous ezidingekayo zengilazi yokukhanya, ingilazi yokubonisa ye-photoelectric, kanye nengilazi ye-quartz.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuncipha kwezinsizakusebenza ze-quartz ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwezinsizakusebenza ezisezingeni eliphansi kuye kwadonsela ukunaka okukhulu. I-Xie Enjun ye-China Building Materials Bengbu Glass Industry Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. isebenzise i-kaolin tailings ukulungiselela isihlabathi se-quartz esine-iron ephansi sengilazi ye-photovoltaic. Ukwakheka okuyinhloko kwamaminerali e-Fujian kaolin tailings yi-quartz, equkethe inani elincane lamaminerali angcolile njenge-kaolinite, i-mica, ne-feldspar. Ngemva kokuthi i-kaolin tailings icutshungulwe ngenqubo yokuzuza "yokuhlukaniswa kwe-grinding-hydraulic-magnetic separation-flotation", okuqukethwe kosayizi wezinhlayiya ongu-0.6 ~ 0.125mm kukhulu kuno-95%, i-SiO2 ingu-99.62%, i-Al2O3 ingu-0.065%, i-Fe2O3 iyisihlabathi se-quartz esihle esingu-92 × 10-6 esihlangabezana nezidingo zekhwalithi yesihlabathi se-quartz esine-iron ephansi sengilazi ye-photovoltaic.
UShao Weihua nabanye abavela eZhengzhou Institute of Comprehensive Use of Mineral Resources, i-Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, bashicilele ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungula: indlela yokulungiselela isihlabathi se-quartz esihlanzekile kakhulu kusuka ezintanjeni ze-kaolin. Izinyathelo zendlela: a. Izintanjeni ze-Kaolin zisetshenziswa njenge-ore eluhlaza, ehlungwa ngemva kokuxutshwa nokuhlanzwa ukuze kutholakale izinto ze-+0.6mm; b. Izinto ze-+0.6mm ziyagaywa futhi zihlukaniswe, kanti izinto ze-mineral ezingu-0.4mm0.1mm zifakwa ekusebenzeni kokuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic. Ukuze kutholakale izinto ze-magnetic nezingezona ze-magnetic, izinto ezingezona ze-magnetic zingena ekusebenzeni kokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi ukuze kutholakale amaminerali okukhanya okuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye namaminerali asindayo okuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, kanye namaminerali okukhanya okuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi angena ekusebenzeni kokugaya kabusha ukuze kuhlolwe ukuze kutholakale amaminerali angu-+0.1mm; c+0.1mm I-mineral ingena ekusebenzeni kokuntanta ukuze kutholakale ukugxilisa kwamanzi agelezayo. Amanzi angaphezulu okugxilisa amanzi agelezayo ayasuswa bese ehlungwa nge-ultrasonically, bese ehlungwa ukuze kutholakale izinto ze-+0.1mm eziqinile njengesihlabathi se-quartz esihlanzekile kakhulu. Indlela yokusungula ayikwazi nje ukuthola imikhiqizo ye-quartz esezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa futhi inesikhathi esifushane sokucubungula, ukugeleza kwenqubo okulula, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu ye-quartz etholakele, engahlangabezana nezidingo zekhwalithi ye-quartz ehlanzekile kakhulu.
Ama-Kaolin tailings aqukethe inani elikhulu lemithombo ye-quartz. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanza, ukuhlanza kanye nokucubungula okujulile, angahlangabezana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zeglasi ezimhlophe kakhulu ze-photovoltaic. Lokhu futhi kunikeza umbono omusha wokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwemithombo ye-kaolin tailings.
3. Ukubuka konke kwemakethe yesihlabathi se-quartz esinensimbi ephansi sengilazi ye-photovoltaic
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, engxenyeni yesibili ka-2020, amandla okukhiqiza ancishisiwe ukukhula awakwazi ukubhekana nesidingo esikhulu ngaphansi kokuchuma okukhulu. Ukunikezwa kanye nesidingo sengilazi ye-photovoltaic akulinganiselanga, futhi intengo iyakhuphuka. Ngaphansi kobizo oluhlangene lwezinkampani eziningi ze-photovoltaic module, ngoDisemba 2020, uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi ukhiphe idokhumenti echaza ukuthi iphrojekthi yengilazi egoqwe nge-photovoltaic kungenzeka ingakhi uhlelo lokufaka esikhundleni samandla. Ithintwe yinqubomgomo entsha, izinga lokukhula lokukhiqizwa kwengilazi ye-photovoltaic lizokwandiswa kusukela ngo-2021. Ngokusho kolwazi lomphakathi, amandla engilazi ye-photovoltaic egoqwe ngohlelo olucacile lokukhiqiza ngo-21/22 izofinyelela ku-22250/26590t/d, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-68.4/48.6%. Endabeni yeziqinisekiso zenqubomgomo kanye nezokufunwa, isihlabathi se-photovoltaic kulindeleke ukuthi singenise ukukhula okukhulu.
Umthamo wokukhiqiza ingilazi ye-photovoltaic ka-2015-2022
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla okukhiqiza ingilazi ye-photovoltaic kungabangela ukuthi ukunikezwa kwesihlabathi se-silica esine-iron ephansi kudlule ukunikezwa, okube sekuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwangempela kwamandla okukhiqiza ingilazi ye-photovoltaic. Ngokwezibalo, kusukela ngo-2014, ukukhiqizwa kwesihlabathi se-quartz sasekhaya ezweni lami ngokuvamile kube ngaphansi kancane kunesidingo sasekhaya, futhi ukunikezwa nesidingo kuye kwagcina ibhalansi eqinile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinsizakusebenza ze-quartz placer zasekhaya zezwe lami azitholakali kalula, zigxile eHeyuan yaseGuangdong, eBeihai yaseGuangxi, eFengyang yase-Anhui naseDonghai yaseJiangsu, futhi inani elikhulu lazo lidinga ukungeniswa.
Isihlabathi se-quartz esimhlophe kakhulu esinensimbi ephansi singenye yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile (ezibiza cishe u-25% wezindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa) eminyakeni yamuva nje. Intengo nayo ibilokhu ikhuphuka. Esikhathini esidlule, ibilokhu ibiza cishe u-200 yuan/ton isikhathi eside. Ngemva kokuqubuka kobhubhane lwe-Q1 eminyakeni engu-20, sehle sisuka ezingeni eliphezulu, futhi okwamanje sigcina ukusebenza okuzinzile okwamanje.
Ngo-2020, isidingo sezwe lami sesihlabathi se-quartz sizoba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-90.93, umkhiqizo uzoba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-87.65, kanti inani eliphelele lokungeniswa lizoba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.278. Ngokusho kolwazi lomphakathi, inani lamatshe e-quartz ku-100kg yengilazi encibilikisiwe lingaba ngu-72.2kg. Ngokusho kohlelo lwamanje lokukhulisa, ukwanda kwamandla engilazi ye-photovoltaic ngo-2021/2022 kungafinyelela ku-3.23/24500t/ngosuku, ngokusho komkhiqizo waminyaka yonke. Kubalwa esikhathini sezinsuku ezingu-360, umkhiqizo ophelele uzohambisana nesidingo esisha esisanda kukhula sesihlabathi se-silica esinensimbi ephansi esingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-836/635/ngonyaka, okungukuthi, isidingo esisha sesihlabathi se-silica esinensimbi ephansi esilethwe yingilazi ye-photovoltaic ngo-2021/2022 sizobalelwa esihlabathini se-quartz esiphelele ngo-2020 esingu-9.2%/7.0% wesidingo. Uma sibheka ukuthi isihlabathi se-silica esine-iron ephansi siyingxenye yesidingo sesihlabathi se-silica esiphelele, ukunikezwa kanye nokucindezela kwesidingo esihlabathini se-silica esine-iron ephansi okubangelwa ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwamandla okukhiqiza ingilazi ye-photovoltaic kungaba phezulu kakhulu kunengcindezi embonini yesihlabathi se-quartz iyonke.
—Isihloko esivela ku-Powder Network
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 11-2021