Imvelo ye-chromium
I-Chromium, uphawu lwe-elementi u-Cr, inombolo ye-athomu engu-24, isisindo se-athomu esihlobene 51.996, iyingxenye yensimbi yenguquko yeqembu VIB yethebula le-periodic lezinto zamakhemikhali.I-Chromium metal iyikristalu eyi-cubic egxile emzimbeni, isiliva-mhlophe, ukuminyana okungu-7.1g/cm³, indawo encibilikayo engu-1860 ℃, indawo abilayo engu-2680 ℃, umthamo othize wokushisa ongu-25 ℃ 23.35J/(mol·K), ukushisa kwe-vaporization 342.1kJ i-mol, i-thermal conductivity 91.3 W/(m·K) (0-100°C), resistivity (20°C) 13.2uΩ·cm, enezici ezinhle zomshini.
Kunama-valence amahlanu e-chromium: +2, +3, +4, +5 kanye +6.Ngaphansi kwezimo zesenzo se-endogenous, i-chromium ngokuvamile iyi-+3 valence.Izinhlanganisela ezine-chromium engu-+trivalent yizona ezinze kakhulu.+Izinhlanganisela ze-chromium eziyisithupha, okuhlanganisa nosawoti we-chromium, zinezakhiwo eziqinile zokuhlanganisa i-oxidizing.I-ionic radii ye-Cr3+, AI3+ ne-Fe3+ iyafana, ngakho ingaba nezinhlobonhlobo zokufana.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi ezingashintshwa nge-chromium yi-manganese, i-magnesium, i-nickel, i-cobalt, i-zinc, njll.
Isicelo
I-Chromium ingenye yezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yesimanje.Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni insimbi engagqwali kanye nezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ze-alloy ngendlela yama-ferroalloys (njenge-ferrochrome).I-Chromium inezici zokuqina, ukumelana nokuguga, ukumelana nokushisa kanye ne-corrosion resistant.I-Chrome ore isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-metallurgy, izinto eziphikisayo, imboni yamakhemikhali kanye nezimboni ze-Foundry.
Embonini ye-metallurgical, i-chromium ore isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuncibilikisa i-ferrochrome ne-metallic chromium.I-Chromium isetshenziswa njengesengezo sensimbi ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlobonhlobo zamandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokuguga, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, nezinsimbi ezikhethekile ezimelana ne-oxidation, njengensimbi engagqwali, insimbi emelana ne-asidi, insimbi engashisi, insimbi enebhola, insimbi yasentwasahlobo, insimbi yamathuluzi, njll. I-Chromium ingathuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini nokumelana nokugqokwa kwensimbi.I-Metal chromium isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuncibilikisa ama-alloys akhethekile nge-cobalt, i-nickel, i-tungsten nezinye izakhi.I-Chrome plating kanye ne-chromizing kungenza insimbi, ithusi, i-aluminiyamu nezinye izinsimbi zakhe indawo ekwazi ukumelana nokugqwala, ekhanyayo futhi enhle.
Embonini ye-refractory, i-chromium ore iyinto ebalulekile ephikisayo esetshenziselwa ukwenza izitini ze-chrome, izitini ze-chrome magnesia, ama-refractories athuthukile kanye nezinye izinto ezikhethekile zokuphikisa (ukhonkolo we-chrome).Ama-refractories asekelwe ku-Chromium ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa izitini ezine-chrome ore ne-magnesia, i-clinker ye-magnesia-chrome ehlanganisiwe, izitini ezincibilikisiwe ze-magnesia-chrome, ezincibilikisiwe, ezigayiwe kahle bese zihlanganiswa izitini ze-magnesia-chrome.Zisetshenziswa kakhulu eziko eziko ezivulekile, iziko lokungeniswa, njll. Isiguquli se-Metallurgical kanye nolwelwesi lwesithando somlilo esijikelezayo semboni kasimende, njll.
Embonini ye-Foundry, i-chromium ore ngeke ihlanganyele nezinye izakhi kunsimbi encibilikisiwe phakathi nenqubo yokuthela, ine-coefficient ephansi yokunweba okushisayo, imelana nokungena kwensimbi, futhi inokusebenza okupholile okungcono kune-zircon.I-Chrome ore ye-Foundry inezidingo eziqinile ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali nokusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana.
Embonini yamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwe-chromium ukukhiqiza isixazululo se-sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7·H2O), bese silungiselela ezinye izinhlanganisela ze-chromium ezizosetshenziswa ezimbonini ezifana ne-pigments, izindwangu, i-electroplating, nokwenza isikhumba, kanye nama-catalysts. .
Impushana ye-chromium ore egaywe kahle iyi-ejenti yombala yemvelo ekukhiqizeni ingilazi, izitsha zobumba namathayili acwebezelisiwe.Lapho i-sodium dichromate isetshenziselwa ukucekela phansi isikhumba, amaprotheni (collagen) nama-carbohydrates esikhumbeni sokuqala asabela ngezinto zamakhemikhali ukuze akhe inkimbinkimbi ezinzile, eba yisisekelo semikhiqizo yesikhumba.Embonini yezindwangu, i-sodium dichromate isetshenziswa njenge-mordant ekudayeni kwendwangu, enganamathisela ngempumelelo ama-molecule odayi kuma-organic compounds;ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-oxidant ekwenzeni odayi kanye ne-intermediates.
I-Chromium mineral
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-50 zamaminerali aqukethe i-chromium atholwe emvelweni, kodwa iningi lawo anokuqukethwe kwe-chromium ephansi nokusabalalisa okusabalele, okunenani eliphansi lokusetshenziswa kwezimboni.Lawa maminerali aqukethe i-chromium ayingxenye yama-oxides, ama-chromates nama-silicates, ngaphezu kwama-hydroxides ambalwa, ama-iodate, ama-nitrides nama-sulfide.Phakathi kwazo, i-chromium nitride namaminerali e-chromium sulfide atholakala kuphela kuma-meteorites.
Njengohlobo lwamaminerali ku-chromium ore subfamily, i-chromite ukuphela kwezimbiwa ezibalulekile zezimboni ze-chromium.I-theoretical chemical formula ithi (MgFe)Cr2O4, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-Cr2O3 kubala u-68%, futhi i-FeO yenza ama-32%.Ekwakhekeni kwayo kwamakhemikhali, i-cation trivalent ngokuyinhloko i-Cr3+, futhi kuvame ukuba khona i-Al3+, Fe3+ ne-Mg2+, Fe2+ esikhundleni se-isomorphic.Ku-chromite yangempela ekhiqiziwe, ingxenye ye-Fe2+ ivamise ukuthathelwa indawo yi-Mg2+, futhi i-Cr3+ ithathelwa indawo i-Al3+ ne-Fe3+ ngamadigri ahlukahlukene.Izinga eliphelele lokushintshwa kwe-isomorphic phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ze-chromite alihambisani.Ama-cations wokuxhumanisa ama-oda amane ikakhulukazi i-magnesium nensimbi, kanye nokushintshanisa okuphelele kwe-isomorphic phakathi kwe-magnesium-iron.Ngokwendlela ye-four-division, i-chromite ingahlukaniswa yaba ama-subgroups amane: i-magnesium chromite, i-iron-magnesium chromite, i-mafic-iron chromite ne-iron-chromite.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chromite ivame ukuqukethe inani elincane le-manganese, Ingxube ye-homogeneous ye-titanium, i-vanadium ne-zinc.Isakhiwo se-chromite siwuhlobo oluvamile lwe-spinel.
4. Izinga lekhwalithi lokugxila kwe-chromium
Ngokwezindlela ezihlukene zokucubungula (i-mineralization ne-ore yemvelo), i-chromium ore ye-metallurgy ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: i-concentrate (G) kanye ne-lump ore (K).Bheka ithebula elingezansi.
Izidingo zekhwalithi ze-chromite ore ye-metallurgy
Ubuchwepheshe bokuzuza kwe-Chrome ore
1) Ukuqokwa kabusha
Njengamanje, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kubambe isikhundla esibalulekile ekuzuzweni kwe-chromium ore.Indlela yokuhlukanisa amandla adonsela phansi, esebenzisa ukwendlaleka okuxekethile endaweni enamanzi njengokuziphatha okuyisisekelo, kuseyindlela eyinhloko yokunothisa i-chromium ore emhlabeni wonke.Imishini yokuhlukanisa amandla adonsela phansi iyi-chute evunguzayo kanye nesigxilisi esimaphakathi, futhi ububanzi bezinhlayiyana zokucubungula bubanzi kakhulu.Ngokuvamile, umehluko wokuminyana phakathi kwamaminerali e-chromium namaminerali e-gange mkhulu kuno-0.8g/cm3, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kwanoma yimuphi usayizi wezinhlayiyana omkhulu kuno-100um kungagculisa.umphumela we.Izigaxa ezimahhadlahhadla (100 ~ 0.5mm) insimbi ihlungwa noma ikhethwe kusengaphambili ngokuzuza okuphakathi nendawo, okuyindlela yokonga kakhulu yokuhlomula.
2) Ukuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic
Ukuhlukaniswa kukaMazibuthe kuyindlela yokuzuza eqaphela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali endaweni engajwayelekile kazibuthe ngokusekelwe kumehluko kazibuthe wamaminerali ku-ore.I-Chromite inezinto ezinozibuthe ezibuthakathaka futhi ingahlukaniswa yizihlukanisi eziqondile zeringithoni ephakeme ye-gradient, izihlukanisi zamapuleti ezimanzi nezinye izinto zokusebenza.Ama-coefficients athile azibuthe okuba sengozini amaminerali e-chromium akhiqizwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezikhiqiza i-chromium ore emhlabeni awahlukile kakhulu, futhi ayafana nama-coefficients athile azibuthe okuba sengozini ye-wolframite ne-wolframite akhiqizwa ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene.
Kunezimo ezimbili ekusebenziseni ukuhlukaniswa kazibuthe ukuze uthole ukugxila kwe-chromium yezinga eliphezulu: esinye siwukususa amaminerali aqinile kazibuthe (ikakhulukazi i-magnetite) ensimbi ngaphansi kwendawo enozibuthe ebuthakathaka ukuze kwandiswe isilinganiso se-ferrochrome, kanti esinye esokusebenzisa i-ore. insimu enamandla kazibuthe.Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali e-ganggue kanye nokubuyiswa kwe-chromium ore (amaminerali kazibuthe abuthakathaka).
3) Ukukhetha ugesi
Ukuhlukaniswa kukagesi kuyindlela yokuhlukanisa i-chromium ore kanye namaminerali e-silicate gangue ngokusebenzisa izici zikagesi zamaminerali, njengomehluko ekuqhubeni nasekusebenzeni kwe-dielectric.
4) Ukuntanta
Enqubweni yokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, i-chromite ore ehlanjululwe kahle (-100um) ivamise ukulahlwa njengama-tailings, kodwa i-chromite yalo sayizi isenayo inani eliphezulu lokusebenzisa, ngakho indlela yokuntanta ingase isetshenziselwe insimbi ye-Granular chromite enhle yezinga eliphansi. uyalulama.Ukuntanta kwensimbi ye-chromium ene-20% ~40% Cr2O3 kuma-tailings kanye ne-serpentine, i-olivine, i-rutile ne-calcium magnesium carbonate amaminerali njengamaminerali e-ganggue.Insimbi igaywe kahle ibe ngu-200μm, ingilazi yamanzi, i-phosphate, i-metaphosphate, i-fluorosilicate, njll. isetshenziselwa ukuhlakaza nokuvimbela udaka, futhi i-unsaturated fatty acid isetshenziswa njengomqoqi.Ukuhlakazwa nokucindezelwa kwe-ganggue sludge kubaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokuntanta.Ama-ion ensimbi afana nensimbi nomthofu angavula i-chromite.Uma inani le-pH le-slurry lingaphansi kuka-6, i-chromite ngeke ikwazi ukuntanta.Ngamafuphi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent ye-flotation kukhulu, izinga lokugxila alizinzile, futhi izinga lokubuyisela liphansi.I-Ca2+ ne-Mg2+ encibilikiswe kumaminerali e-ganggue anciphisa ukukhethwa kwenqubo yokuntanta.
5) Ukuzuza kwamakhemikhali
Indlela yekhemikhali iwukwelapha ngokuqondile insimbi ethile ye-chromite engakwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngendlela engokoqobo noma izindleko zendlela ebonakalayo ziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.Isilinganiso se-Cr/Fe sokugxilisa ingqondo esikhiqizwe indlela yamakhemikhali siphezulu kunaleso sendlela evamile yomzimba.Izindlela zamakhemikhali zihlanganisa: ukukhishwa okukhethiwe, ukunciphisa i-oxidation, ukuhlukaniswa okuncibilikayo, i-sulfuric acid ne-chromic acid leaching, ukunciphisa kanye ne-sulfuric acid leaching, njll. amathrendi ekuzuzeni i-chromite namuhla.Izindlela zamakhemikhali zingakhipha ngokuqondile i-chromium ku-ore futhi zikhiqize i-chromium carbide ne-chromium oxide.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-30-2021